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FLOCK(2) Linux Programmer's Manual FLOCK(2)
NAME
flock - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/file.h>
int flock(int fd, int operation);
DESCRIPTION
Apply or remove an advisory lock on the open file specified by fd. The
argument operation is one of the following:
LOCK_SH Place a shared lock. More than one process may hold a
shared lock for a given file at a given time.
LOCK_EX Place an exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an
exclusive lock for a given file at a given time.
LOCK_UN Remove an existing lock held by this process.
A call to flock() may block if an incompatible lock is held by another
process. To make a nonblocking request, include LOCK_NB (by ORing)
with any of the above operations.
A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive
locks.
Locks created by flock() are associated with an open file description
(see open(2)). This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by,
for example, fork(2) or dup(2)) refer to the same lock, and this lock
may be modified or released using any of these descriptors. Further-
more, the lock is released either by an explicit LOCK_UN operation on
any of these duplicate descriptors, or when all such descriptors have
been closed.
If a process uses open(2) (or similar) to obtain more than one descrip-
tor for the same file, these descriptors are treated independently by
flock(). An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descrip-
tors may be denied by a lock that the calling process has already
placed via another descriptor.
A process may hold only one type of lock (shared or exclusive) on a
file. Subsequent flock() calls on an already locked file will convert
an existing lock to the new lock mode.
Locks created by flock() are preserved across an execve(2).
A shared or exclusive lock can be placed on a file regardless of the
mode in which the file was opened.
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is
set appropriately.
ERRORS
EBADF fd is not an open file descriptor.
EINTR While waiting to acquire a lock, the call was interrupted by
delivery of a signal caught by a handler; see signal(7).
EINVAL operation is invalid.
ENOLCK The kernel ran out of memory for allocating lock records.
EWOULDBLOCK
The file is locked and the LOCK_NB flag was selected.
CONFORMING TO
4.4BSD (the flock() call first appeared in 4.2BSD). A version of
flock(), possibly implemented in terms of fcntl(2), appears on most
UNIX systems.
NOTES
Since kernel 2.0, flock() is implemented as a system call in its own
right rather than being emulated in the GNU C library as a call to
fcntl(2). This yields classical BSD semantics: there is no interaction
between the types of lock placed by flock() and fcntl(2), and flock()
does not detect deadlock. (Note, however, that on some modern BSDs,
flock() and fcntl(2) locks do interact with one another.)
In Linux kernels up to 2.6.11, flock() does not lock files over NFS
(i.e., the scope of locks was limited to the local system). Instead,
one could use fcntl(2) byte-range locking, which does work over NFS,
given a sufficiently recent version of Linux and a server which sup-
ports locking. Since Linux 2.6.12, NFS clients support flock() locks
by emulating them as byte-range locks on the entire file. This means
that fcntl(2) and flock() locks do interact with one another over NFS.
Since Linux 2.6.37, the kernel supports a compatibility mode that
allows flock() locks (and also fcntl(2) byte region locks) to be
treated as local; see the discussion of the local_lock option in
nfs(5).
flock() places advisory locks only; given suitable permissions on a
file, a process is free to ignore the use of flock() and perform I/O on
the file.
flock() and fcntl(2) locks have different semantics with respect to
forked processes and dup(2). On systems that implement flock() using
fcntl(2), the semantics of flock() will be different from those
described in this manual page.
Converting a lock (shared to exclusive, or vice versa) is not guaran-
teed to be atomic: the existing lock is first removed, and then a new
lock is established. Between these two steps, a pending lock request
by another process may be granted, with the result that the conversion
either blocks, or fails if LOCK_NB was specified. (This is the origi-
nal BSD behavior, and occurs on many other implementations.)
SEE ALSO
flock(1), close(2), dup(2), execve(2), fcntl(2), fork(2), open(2),
lockf(3)
Documentation/filesystems/locks.txt in the Linux kernel source tree
(Documentation/locks.txt in older kernels)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.69 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2014-06-13 FLOCK(2)
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