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ncurses(3NCURSES)                                            ncurses(3NCURSES)

NAME
       ncurses - CRT screen handling and optimization package

SYNOPSIS
       #include <ncurses/curses.h>

DESCRIPTION
       The  ncurses  library  routines  give  the  user a terminal-independent
       method of updating  character  screens  with  reasonable  optimization.
       This  implementation  is  "new  curses"  (ncurses)  and is the approved
       replacement for 4.4BSD classic curses,  which  has  been  discontinued.
       This describes ncurses version 5.9 (patch 20140831).

       The  ncurses  library emulates the curses library of System V Release 4
       UNIX, and XPG4 (X/Open Portability Guide) curses  (also  known  as  XSI
       curses).   XSI  stands  for  X/Open  System  Interfaces Extension.  The
       ncurses library is freely redistributable in source form.   Differences
       from  the SVr4 curses are summarized under the EXTENSIONS and PORTABIL-
       ITY sections below and described in detail  in  the  respective  EXTEN-
       SIONS, PORTABILITY and BUGS sections of individual man pages.

       The  ncurses  library  also provides many useful extensions, i.e., fea-
       tures which cannot be implemented by a simple add-on library but  which
       require access to the internals of the library.

       A  program  using  these  routines  must  be  linked with the -lncurses
       option, or (if it  has  been  generated)  with  the  debugging  library
       -lncurses_g.   (Your  system  integrator  may also have installed these
       libraries under the names  -lcurses  and  -lcurses_g.)   The  ncurses_g
       library  generates  trace logs (in a file called 'trace' in the current
       directory) that describe curses  actions.   See  also  the  section  on
       ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS.

       The  ncurses package supports: overall screen, window and pad manipula-
       tion; output to windows and pads; reading terminal input; control  over
       terminal  and  curses  input and output options; environment query rou-
       tines; color manipulation; use of soft label keys;  terminfo  capabili-
       ties; and access to low-level terminal-manipulation routines.

       The  library uses the locale which the calling program has initialized.
       That is normally done with setlocale:

             setlocale(LC_ALL, "");

       If the locale is not initialized, the library assumes  that  characters
       are  printable  as in ISO-8859-1, to work with certain legacy programs.
       You should initialize the locale and not rely on  specific  details  of
       the library when the locale has not been setup.

       The  function  initscr  or  newterm  must  be  called to initialize the
       library before any of the other routines that  deal  with  windows  and
       screens are used.  The routine endwin must be called before exiting.

       To  get  character-at-a-time  input  without echoing (most interactive,
       screen oriented programs want this), the following sequence  should  be
       used:

             initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();

       Most programs would additionally use the sequence:

             nonl();
             intrflush(stdscr, FALSE);
             keypad(stdscr, TRUE);

       Before a curses program is run, the tab stops of the terminal should be
       set and its initialization strings, if defined, must be  output.   This
       can be done by executing the tput init command after the shell environ-
       ment variable TERM has been exported.  tset(1) is  usually  responsible
       for doing this.  [See terminfo(5) for further details.]

       Beware:  the  terminal  your program is running may or may not have the
       features you expect. Ncurses makes no attempt to check  available  fea-
       tures in advance. This is upto the programmer.

       The  ncurses  library  permits  manipulation of data structures, called
       windows, which can be thought of as two-dimensional arrays  of  charac-
       ters representing all or part of a CRT screen.  A default window called
       stdscr, which is the size of the terminal screen, is supplied.   Others
       may be created with newwin.

       Note  that  curses  does not handle overlapping windows, that's done by
       the panel(3CURSES) library.  This means that you can either use  stdscr
       or  divide  the  screen into tiled windows and not using stdscr at all.
       Mixing the two will result in unpredictable, and undesired, effects.

       Windows are referred to by variables declared as WINDOW *.  These  data
       structures  are  manipulated with routines described here and elsewhere
       in the ncurses manual pages.  Among those, the most basic routines  are
       move  and  addch.  More general versions of these routines are included
       with names beginning with w, allowing the user  to  specify  a  window.
       The routines not beginning with w affect stdscr.

       After using routines to manipulate a window, refresh is called, telling
       curses to make the user's CRT screen look like stdscr.  The  characters
       in a window are actually of type chtype, (character and attribute data)
       so that other information about the character may also be  stored  with
       each character.

       Special windows called pads may also be manipulated.  These are windows
       which are not constrained to the size of the screen and whose  contents
       need  not be completely displayed.  See pad(3NCURSES) for more informa-
       tion.

       In addition to drawing characters on the screen, video  attributes  and
       colors  may  be  supported,  causing  the characters to show up in such
       modes as underlined, in reverse video, or in color  on  terminals  that
       support  such  display  enhancements.   Line  drawing characters may be
       specified to be output.  On input, curses is  also  able  to  translate
       arrow and function keys that transmit escape sequences into single val-
       ues.  The video attributes, line drawing characters, and  input  values
       use  names,  defined  in  <curses.h>, such as A_REVERSE, ACS_HLINE, and
       KEY_LEFT.

       If the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS are set, or if the  pro-
       gram  is executing in a window environment, line and column information
       in the environment will override information read  by  terminfo.   This
       would affect a program running in an AT&T 630 layer, for example, where
       the size of a screen is changeable (see ENVIRONMENT).

       If the environment variable TERMINFO  is  defined,  any  program  using
       curses  checks  for  a local terminal definition before checking in the
       standard place.  For example, if TERM is set to att4424, then the  com-
       piled terminal definition is found in

             /usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.

       (The  a is copied from the first letter of att4424 to avoid creation of
       huge directories.)  However,  if  TERMINFO  is  set  to  $HOME/myterms,
       curses first checks

             $HOME/myterms/a/att4424,

       and if that fails, it then checks

             /usr/share/terminfo/a/att4424.

       This  is  useful  for developing experimental definitions or when write
       permission in /usr/share/terminfo is not available.

       The integer variables LINES and COLS are defined in <curses.h> and will
       be  filled  in  by  initscr with the size of the screen.  The constants
       TRUE and FALSE have the values 1 and 0, respectively.

       The curses routines also define the WINDOW * variable curscr  which  is
       used  for  certain  low-level  operations like clearing and redrawing a
       screen containing garbage.  The curscr can be used in only a  few  rou-
       tines.

   Routine and Argument Names
       Many  curses routines have two or more versions.  The routines prefixed
       with w require a window argument.  The routines prefixed with p require
       a pad argument.  Those without a prefix generally use stdscr.

       The  routines  prefixed with mv require a y and x coordinate to move to
       before performing the appropriate action.  The mv routines imply a call
       to  move before the call to the other routine.  The coordinate y always
       refers to the row (of the window), and x always refers to  the  column.
       The upper left-hand corner is always (0,0), not (1,1).

       The  routines prefixed with mvw take both a window argument and x and y
       coordinates.  The window argument is always specified before the  coor-
       dinates.

       In  each case, win is the window affected, and pad is the pad affected;
       win and pad are always pointers to type WINDOW.

       Option setting routines require a Boolean flag bf with the  value  TRUE
       or  FALSE;  bf  is always of type bool.  Most of the data types used in
       the library routines, such as WINDOW,  SCREEN,  bool,  and  chtype  are
       defined  in  <curses.h>.   Types used for the terminfo routines such as
       TERMINAL are defined in <term.h>.

       This manual page describes functions which may appear in any configura-
       tion  of  the  library.   There  are  two  common configurations of the
       library:

              ncurses
                   the "normal" library, which handles 8-bit characters.   The
                   normal  (8-bit)  library  stores  characters  combined with
                   attributes in chtype data.

                   Attributes alone (no corresponding character) may be stored
                   in  chtype  or the equivalent attr_t data.  In either case,
                   the data is stored in something like an integer.

                   Each cell (row and column) in  a  WINDOW  is  stored  as  a
                   chtype.

              ncursesw
                   the so-called "wide" library, which handles multibyte char-
                   acters (see the section on ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS).   The
                   "wide"  library includes all of the calls from the "normal"
                   library.  It adds about one third  more  calls  using  data
                   types which store multibyte characters:

                   cchar_t
                        corresponds  to  chtype.   However  it is a structure,
                        because more data is stored than can fit into an inte-
                        ger.   The  characters  are  large enough to require a
                        full integer value - and there may be  more  than  one
                        character  per  cell.   The video attributes and color
                        are stored in separate fields of the structure.

                        Each cell (row and column) in a WINDOW is stored as  a
                        cchar_t.

                   wchar_t
                        stores  a  "wide" character.  Like chtype, this may be
                        an integer.

                   wint_t
                        stores a wchar_t or WEOF - not the same,  though  both
                        may have the same size.

                   The  "wide" library provides new functions which are analo-
                   gous to functions in the "normal" library.  There is a nam-
                   ing  convention which relates many of the normal/wide vari-
                   ants: a "_w" is inserted into the name.  For example,  wad-
                   dch becomes wadd_wch.

   Routine Name Index
       The  following table lists each curses routine and the name of the man-
       ual page on which it is  described.   Routines  flagged  with  `*'  are
       ncurses-specific, not described by XPG4 or present in SVr4.

                  curses Routine Name     Manual Page Name
                  --------------------------------------------------
                  COLOR_PAIR              color(3NCURSES)
                  PAIR_NUMBER             attr(3NCURSES)
                  _nc_free_and_exit       memleaks(3NCURSES)*
                  _nc_freeall             memleaks(3NCURSES)*
                  _nc_tracebits           trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _traceattr              trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _traceattr2             trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _tracechar              trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _tracechtype            trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _tracechtype2           trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _tracedump              trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _tracef                 trace(3NCURSES)*
                  _tracemouse             trace(3NCURSES)*
                  add_wch                 add_wch(3NCURSES)
                  add_wchnstr             add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  add_wchstr              add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  addch                   addch(3NCURSES)
                  addchnstr               addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  addchstr                addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  addnstr                 addstr(3NCURSES)
                  addnwstr                addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  addstr                  addstr(3NCURSES)
                  addwstr                 addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  assume_default_colors   default_colors(3NCURSES)*
                  attr_get                attr(3NCURSES)
                  attr_off                attr(3NCURSES)
                  attr_on                 attr(3NCURSES)
                  attr_set                attr(3NCURSES)
                  attroff                 attr(3NCURSES)
                  attron                  attr(3NCURSES)
                  attrset                 attr(3NCURSES)

                  baudrate                termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  beep                    beep(3NCURSES)
                  bkgd                    bkgd(3NCURSES)
                  bkgdset                 bkgd(3NCURSES)
                  bkgrnd                  bkgrnd(3NCURSES)
                  bkgrndset               bkgrnd(3NCURSES)
                  border                  border(3NCURSES)
                  border_set              border_set(3NCURSES)
                  box                     border(3NCURSES)
                  box_set                 border_set(3NCURSES)
                  can_change_color        color(3NCURSES)
                  cbreak                  inopts(3NCURSES)
                  chgat                   attr(3NCURSES)
                  clear                   clear(3NCURSES)
                  clearok                 outopts(3NCURSES)
                  clrtobot                clear(3NCURSES)
                  clrtoeol                clear(3NCURSES)
                  color_content           color(3NCURSES)
                  color_set               attr(3NCURSES)
                  copywin                 overlay(3NCURSES)
                  curs_set                kernel(3NCURSES)
                  curses_version          extensions(3NCURSES)*
                  def_prog_mode           kernel(3NCURSES)
                  def_shell_mode          kernel(3NCURSES)
                  define_key              define_key(3NCURSES)*
                  del_curterm             terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  delay_output            util(3NCURSES)
                  delch                   delch(3NCURSES)
                  deleteln                deleteln(3NCURSES)
                  delscreen               initscr(3NCURSES)
                  delwin                  window(3NCURSES)
                  derwin                  window(3NCURSES)
                  doupdate                refresh(3NCURSES)
                  dupwin                  window(3NCURSES)
                  echo                    inopts(3NCURSES)
                  echo_wchar              add_wch(3NCURSES)
                  echochar                addch(3NCURSES)
                  endwin                  initscr(3NCURSES)
                  erase                   clear(3NCURSES)
                  erasechar               termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  erasewchar              termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  filter                  util(3NCURSES)
                  flash                   beep(3NCURSES)
                  flushinp                util(3NCURSES)
                  get_wch                 get_wch(3NCURSES)
                  get_wstr                get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  getattrs                attr(3NCURSES)
                  getbegx                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getbegy                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getbegyx                getyx(3NCURSES)
                  getbkgd                 bkgd(3NCURSES)
                  getbkgrnd               bkgrnd(3NCURSES)
                  getcchar                getcchar(3NCURSES)
                  getch                   getch(3NCURSES)
                  getcurx                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getcury                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getmaxx                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getmaxy                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getmaxyx                getyx(3NCURSES)
                  getmouse                mouse(3NCURSES)*
                  getn_wstr               get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  getnstr                 getstr(3NCURSES)
                  getparx                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getpary                 legacy(3NCURSES)*
                  getparyx                getyx(3NCURSES)

                  getstr                  getstr(3NCURSES)
                  getsyx                  kernel(3NCURSES)
                  getwin                  util(3NCURSES)
                  getyx                   getyx(3NCURSES)
                  halfdelay               inopts(3NCURSES)
                  has_colors              color(3NCURSES)
                  has_ic                  termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  has_il                  termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  has_key                 getch(3NCURSES)*
                  hline                   border(3NCURSES)
                  hline_set               border_set(3NCURSES)
                  idcok                   outopts(3NCURSES)
                  idlok                   outopts(3NCURSES)
                  immedok                 outopts(3NCURSES)
                  in_wch                  in_wch(3NCURSES)
                  in_wchnstr              in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  in_wchstr               in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  inch                    inch(3NCURSES)
                  inchnstr                inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  inchstr                 inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  init_color              color(3NCURSES)
                  init_pair               color(3NCURSES)
                  initscr                 initscr(3NCURSES)
                  innstr                  instr(3NCURSES)
                  innwstr                 inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  ins_nwstr               ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  ins_wch                 ins_wch(3NCURSES)
                  ins_wstr                ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  insch                   insch(3NCURSES)
                  insdelln                deleteln(3NCURSES)
                  insertln                deleteln(3NCURSES)
                  insnstr                 insstr(3NCURSES)
                  insstr                  insstr(3NCURSES)
                  instr                   instr(3NCURSES)
                  intrflush               inopts(3NCURSES)
                  inwstr                  inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  is_cleared              opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_idcok                opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_idlok                opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_immedok              opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_keypad               opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_leaveok              opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_linetouched          touch(3NCURSES)
                  is_nodelay              opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_notimeout            opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_scrollok             opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_syncok               opaque(3NCURSES)*
                  is_term_resized         resizeterm(3NCURSES)*
                  is_wintouched           touch(3NCURSES)
                  isendwin                initscr(3NCURSES)
                  key_defined             key_defined(3NCURSES)*
                  key_name                util(3NCURSES)
                  keybound                keybound(3NCURSES)*
                  keyname                 util(3NCURSES)
                  keyok                   keyok(3NCURSES)*
                  keypad                  inopts(3NCURSES)
                  killchar                termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  killwchar               termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  leaveok                 outopts(3NCURSES)
                  longname                termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  mcprint                 print(3NCURSES)*
                  meta                    inopts(3NCURSES)
                  mouse_trafo             mouse(3NCURSES)*
                  mouseinterval           mouse(3NCURSES)*
                  mousemask               mouse(3NCURSES)*

                  move                    move(3NCURSES)
                  mvadd_wch               add_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvadd_wchnstr           add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvadd_wchstr            add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddch                 addch(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddchnstr             addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddchstr              addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddnstr               addstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddnwstr              addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddstr                addstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvaddwstr               addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvchgat                 attr(3NCURSES)
                  mvcur                   terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  mvdelch                 delch(3NCURSES)
                  mvderwin                window(3NCURSES)
                  mvget_wch               get_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvget_wstr              get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvgetch                 getch(3NCURSES)
                  mvgetn_wstr             get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvgetnstr               getstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvgetstr                getstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvhline                 border(3NCURSES)
                  mvhline_set             border_set(3NCURSES)
                  mvin_wch                in_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvin_wchnstr            in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvin_wchstr             in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinch                  inch(3NCURSES)
                  mvinchnstr              inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinchstr               inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinnstr                instr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinnwstr               inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvins_nwstr             ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvins_wch               ins_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvins_wstr              ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinsch                 insch(3NCURSES)
                  mvinsnstr               insstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinsstr                insstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinstr                 instr(3NCURSES)
                  mvinwstr                inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvprintw                printw(3NCURSES)
                  mvscanw                 scanw(3NCURSES)
                  mvvline                 border(3NCURSES)
                  mvvline_set             border_set(3NCURSES)
                  mvwadd_wch              add_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwadd_wchnstr          add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwadd_wchstr           add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddch                addch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddchnstr            addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddchstr             addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddnstr              addstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddnwstr             addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddstr               addstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwaddwstr              addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwchgat                attr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwdelch                delch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwget_wch              get_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwget_wstr             get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwgetch                getch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwgetn_wstr            get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwgetnstr              getstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwgetstr               getstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwhline                border(3NCURSES)
                  mvwhline_set            border_set(3NCURSES)
                  mvwin                   window(3NCURSES)
                  mvwin_wch               in_wch(3NCURSES)

                  mvwin_wchnstr           in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwin_wchstr            in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinch                 inch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinchnstr             inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinchstr              inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinnstr               instr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinnwstr              inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwins_nwstr            ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwins_wch              ins_wch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwins_wstr             ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinsch                insch(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinsnstr              insstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinsstr               insstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinstr                instr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwinwstr               inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  mvwprintw               printw(3NCURSES)
                  mvwscanw                scanw(3NCURSES)
                  mvwvline                border(3NCURSES)
                  mvwvline_set            border_set(3NCURSES)
                  napms                   kernel(3NCURSES)
                  newpad                  pad(3NCURSES)
                  newterm                 initscr(3NCURSES)
                  newwin                  window(3NCURSES)
                  nl                      outopts(3NCURSES)
                  nocbreak                inopts(3NCURSES)
                  nodelay                 inopts(3NCURSES)
                  noecho                  inopts(3NCURSES)
                  nofilter                util(3NCURSES)*
                  nonl                    outopts(3NCURSES)
                  noqiflush               inopts(3NCURSES)
                  noraw                   inopts(3NCURSES)
                  notimeout               inopts(3NCURSES)
                  overlay                 overlay(3NCURSES)
                  overwrite               overlay(3NCURSES)
                  pair_content            color(3NCURSES)
                  pechochar               pad(3NCURSES)
                  pnoutrefresh            pad(3NCURSES)
                  prefresh                pad(3NCURSES)
                  printw                  printw(3NCURSES)
                  putp                    terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  putwin                  util(3NCURSES)
                  qiflush                 inopts(3NCURSES)
                  raw                     inopts(3NCURSES)
                  redrawwin               refresh(3NCURSES)
                  refresh                 refresh(3NCURSES)
                  reset_prog_mode         kernel(3NCURSES)
                  reset_shell_mode        kernel(3NCURSES)
                  resetty                 kernel(3NCURSES)
                  resizeterm              resizeterm(3NCURSES)*
                  restartterm             terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  ripoffline              kernel(3NCURSES)
                  savetty                 kernel(3NCURSES)
                  scanw                   scanw(3NCURSES)
                  scr_dump                scr_dump(3NCURSES)
                  scr_init                scr_dump(3NCURSES)
                  scr_restore             scr_dump(3NCURSES)
                  scr_set                 scr_dump(3NCURSES)
                  scrl                    scroll(3NCURSES)
                  scroll                  scroll(3NCURSES)
                  scrollok                outopts(3NCURSES)
                  set_curterm             terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  set_term                initscr(3NCURSES)
                  setcchar                getcchar(3NCURSES)
                  setscrreg               outopts(3NCURSES)
                  setsyx                  kernel(3NCURSES)

                  setterm                 terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  setupterm               terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  slk_attr                slk(3NCURSES)*
                  slk_attr_off            slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_attr_on             slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_attr_set            slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_attroff             slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_attron              slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_attrset             slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_clear               slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_color               slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_init                slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_label               slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_noutrefresh         slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_refresh             slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_restore             slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_set                 slk(3NCURSES)
                  slk_touch               slk(3NCURSES)
                  standend                attr(3NCURSES)
                  standout                attr(3NCURSES)
                  start_color             color(3NCURSES)
                  subpad                  pad(3NCURSES)
                  subwin                  window(3NCURSES)
                  syncok                  window(3NCURSES)
                  term_attrs              termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  termattrs               termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  termname                termattrs(3NCURSES)
                  tgetent                 termcap(3NCURSES)
                  tgetflag                termcap(3NCURSES)
                  tgetnum                 termcap(3NCURSES)
                  tgetstr                 termcap(3NCURSES)
                  tgoto                   termcap(3NCURSES)
                  tigetflag               terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  tigetnum                terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  tigetstr                terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  timeout                 inopts(3NCURSES)
                  touchline               touch(3NCURSES)
                  touchwin                touch(3NCURSES)
                  tparm                   terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  tputs                   termcap(3NCURSES)
                  tputs                   terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  trace                   trace(3NCURSES)*
                  typeahead               inopts(3NCURSES)
                  unctrl                  util(3NCURSES)
                  unget_wch               get_wch(3NCURSES)
                  ungetch                 getch(3NCURSES)
                  ungetmouse              mouse(3NCURSES)*
                  untouchwin              touch(3NCURSES)
                  use_default_colors      default_colors(3NCURSES)*
                  use_env                 util(3NCURSES)
                  use_extended_names      extensions(3NCURSES)*
                  use_legacy_coding       legacy_coding(3NCURSES)*
                  use_tioctl              util(3NCURSES)
                  vid_attr                terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  vid_puts                terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  vidattr                 terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  vidputs                 terminfo(3NCURSES)
                  vline                   border(3NCURSES)
                  vline_set               border_set(3NCURSES)
                  vw_printw               printw(3NCURSES)
                  vw_scanw                scanw(3NCURSES)
                  vwprintw                printw(3NCURSES)
                  vwscanw                 scanw(3NCURSES)
                  wadd_wch                add_wch(3NCURSES)
                  wadd_wchnstr            add_wchstr(3NCURSES)

                  wadd_wchstr             add_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  waddch                  addch(3NCURSES)
                  waddchnstr              addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  waddchstr               addchstr(3NCURSES)
                  waddnstr                addstr(3NCURSES)
                  waddnwstr               addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  waddstr                 addstr(3NCURSES)
                  waddwstr                addwstr(3NCURSES)
                  wattr_get               attr(3NCURSES)
                  wattr_off               attr(3NCURSES)
                  wattr_on                attr(3NCURSES)
                  wattr_set               attr(3NCURSES)
                  wattroff                attr(3NCURSES)
                  wattron                 attr(3NCURSES)
                  wattrset                attr(3NCURSES)
                  wbkgd                   bkgd(3NCURSES)
                  wbkgdset                bkgd(3NCURSES)
                  wbkgrnd                 bkgrnd(3NCURSES)
                  wbkgrndset              bkgrnd(3NCURSES)
                  wborder                 border(3NCURSES)
                  wborder_set             border_set(3NCURSES)
                  wchgat                  attr(3NCURSES)
                  wclear                  clear(3NCURSES)
                  wclrtobot               clear(3NCURSES)
                  wclrtoeol               clear(3NCURSES)
                  wcolor_set              attr(3NCURSES)
                  wcursyncup              window(3NCURSES)
                  wdelch                  delch(3NCURSES)
                  wdeleteln               deleteln(3NCURSES)
                  wecho_wchar             add_wch(3NCURSES)
                  wechochar               addch(3NCURSES)
                  wenclose                mouse(3NCURSES)*
                  werase                  clear(3NCURSES)
                  wget_wch                get_wch(3NCURSES)
                  wget_wstr               get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  wgetbkgrnd              bkgrnd(3NCURSES)
                  wgetch                  getch(3NCURSES)
                  wgetn_wstr              get_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  wgetnstr                getstr(3NCURSES)
                  wgetstr                 getstr(3NCURSES)
                  whline                  border(3NCURSES)
                  whline_set              border_set(3NCURSES)
                  win_wch                 in_wch(3NCURSES)
                  win_wchnstr             in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  win_wchstr              in_wchstr(3NCURSES)
                  winch                   inch(3NCURSES)
                  winchnstr               inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  winchstr                inchstr(3NCURSES)
                  winnstr                 instr(3NCURSES)
                  winnwstr                inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  wins_nwstr              ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  wins_wch                ins_wch(3NCURSES)
                  wins_wstr               ins_wstr(3NCURSES)
                  winsch                  insch(3NCURSES)
                  winsdelln               deleteln(3NCURSES)
                  winsertln               deleteln(3NCURSES)
                  winsnstr                insstr(3NCURSES)
                  winsstr                 insstr(3NCURSES)
                  winstr                  instr(3NCURSES)
                  winwstr                 inwstr(3NCURSES)
                  wmouse_trafo            mouse(3NCURSES)*
                  wmove                   move(3NCURSES)
                  wnoutrefresh            refresh(3NCURSES)
                  wprintw                 printw(3NCURSES)
                  wredrawln               refresh(3NCURSES)

                  wrefresh                refresh(3NCURSES)
                  wresize                 wresize(3NCURSES)*
                  wscanw                  scanw(3NCURSES)
                  wscrl                   scroll(3NCURSES)
                  wsetscrreg              outopts(3NCURSES)
                  wstandend               attr(3NCURSES)
                  wstandout               attr(3NCURSES)
                  wsyncdown               window(3NCURSES)
                  wsyncup                 window(3NCURSES)
                  wtimeout                inopts(3NCURSES)
                  wtouchln                touch(3NCURSES)
                  wunctrl                 util(3NCURSES)
                  wvline                  border(3NCURSES)
                  wvline_set              border_set(3NCURSES)

RETURN VALUE
       Routines  that return an integer return ERR upon failure and an integer
       value other than ERR upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted
       in the routine descriptions.

       As  a  general rule, routines check for null pointers passed as parame-
       ters, and handle this as an error.

       All macros return  the  value  of  the  w  version,  except  setscrreg,
       wsetscrreg,  getyx,  getbegyx,  and  getmaxyx.   The  return  values of
       setscrreg, wsetscrreg, getyx,  getbegyx,  and  getmaxyx  are  undefined
       (i.e.,  these  should  not be used as the right-hand side of assignment
       statements).

       Routines that return pointers return NULL on error.

ENVIRONMENT
       The following environment symbols are useful for customizing  the  run-
       time  behavior  of  the  ncurses library.  The most important ones have
       been already discussed in detail.

       CC   When set, change occurrences of the command_character  (i.e.,  the
            cmdch  capability)  of the loaded terminfo entries to the value of
            this variable.  Very few terminfo entries provide this feature.

            Because this name is also used in development environments to rep-
            resent  the  C  compiler's name, ncurses ignores it if it does not
            happen to be a single character.

       BAUDRATE
            The debugging library checks this environment  variable  when  the
            application  has  redirected  output  to  a  file.  The variable's
            numeric value is used for the baudrate.  If  no  value  is  found,
            ncurses  uses  9600.   This allows testers to construct repeatable
            test-cases that take into account costs that depend on baudrate.

       COLUMNS
            Specify the width of the screen in characters.  Applications  run-
            ning  in  a  windowing  environment usually are able to obtain the
            width of the window in which they are executing.  If  neither  the
            COLUMNS value nor the terminal's screen size is available, ncurses
            uses the size which may be  specified  in  the  terminfo  database
            (i.e., the cols capability).

            It  is  important that your application use a correct size for the
            screen.  This is not always possible because your application  may
            be running on a host which does not honor NAWS (Negotiations About
            Window Size), or because you are temporarily  running  as  another
            user.    However,  setting  COLUMNS  and/or  LINES  overrides  the
            library's use of the screen size obtained from the operating  sys-
            tem.

            Either  COLUMNS  or  LINES symbols may be specified independently.
            This is mainly useful to circumvent legacy misfeatures of terminal
            descriptions,  e.g.,  xterm  which  commonly  specifies  a 65 line
            screen.  For best results, lines and cols should not be  specified
            in  a  terminal  description for terminals which are run as emula-
            tions.

            Use the use_env function to disable all use of  external  environ-
            ment  (but  not  including  system  calls) to determine the screen
            size.  Use the use_tioctl function to update COLUMNS or  LINES  to
            match  the  screen size obtained from system calls or the terminal
            database.

       ESCDELAY
            Specifies the total time, in milliseconds, for which ncurses  will
            await  a  character  sequence,  e.g., a function key.  The default
            value, 1000 milliseconds, is enough for most uses.  However, it is
            made a variable to accommodate unusual applications.

            The  most  common instance where you may wish to change this value
            is to work with slow hosts, e.g., running on a  network.   If  the
            host  cannot read characters rapidly enough, it will have the same
            effect as if the terminal did not send characters rapidly  enough.
            The library will still see a timeout.

            Note that xterm mouse events are built up from character sequences
            received from the xterm.  If your application makes heavy  use  of
            multiple-clicking,  you  may  wish  to lengthen this default value
            because the timeout applies to the composed multi-click  event  as
            well as the individual clicks.

            In  addition to the environment variable, this implementation pro-
            vides a global variable with the same name.  Portable applications
            should  not rely upon the presence of ESCDELAY in either form, but
            setting the environment variable rather than the  global  variable
            does not create problems when compiling an application.

       HOME Tells  ncurses where your home directory is.  That is where it may
            read and write auxiliary terminal descriptions:

            $HOME/.termcap
            $HOME/.terminfo

       LINES
            Like COLUMNS, specify the height of the screen in characters.  See
            COLUMNS for a detailed description.

       MOUSE_BUTTONS_123
            This applies only to the OS/2 EMX port.  It specifies the order of
            buttons on the mouse.  OS/2 numbers  a  3-button  mouse  inconsis-
            tently from other platforms:

            1 = left
            2 = right
            3 = middle.

            This  variable lets you customize the mouse.  The variable must be
            three numeric digits 1-3 in any order, e.g., 123 or 321.  If it is
            not specified, ncurses uses 132.

       NCURSES_ASSUMED_COLORS
            Override  the  compiled-in  assumption that the terminal's default
            colors are white-on-black (see default_colors(3NCURSES)).  You may
            set  the foreground and background color values with this environ-
            ment variable by proving a 2-element list:  foreground,background.
            For example, to tell ncurses to not assume anything about the col-
            ors, set this to "-1,-1".  To make it green-on-black,  set  it  to
            "2,0".   Any  positive  value from zero to the terminfo max_colors
            value is allowed.

       NCURSES_CONSOLE2
            This applies only to the MinGW port of ncurses.

            The Console2 program's handling of the Microsoft Console API  call
            CreateConsoleScreenBuffer  is  defective.   Applications which use
            this will hang.  However, it is possible to simulate the action of
            this  call by mapping coordinates, explicitly saving and restoring
            the original screen contents.  Setting  the  environment  variable
            NCGDB has the same effect.

       NCURSES_GPM_TERMS
            This applies only to ncurses configured to use the GPM interface.

            If present, the environment variable is a list of one or more ter-
            minal  names  against  which  the  TERM  environment  variable  is
            matched.  Setting it to an empty value disables the GPM interface;
            using the built-in support for xterm, etc.

            If the environment variable is absent,  ncurses  will  attempt  to
            open GPM if TERM contains "linux".

       NCURSES_NO_HARD_TABS
            Ncurses  may use tabs as part of the cursor movement optimization.
            In some cases, your terminal driver may not handle these properly.
            Set  this  environment  variable  to disable the feature.  You can
            also adjust your stty settings to avoid the problem.

       NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE
            Some terminals use a magic-cookie feature which  requires  special
            handling  to  make highlighting and other video attributes display
            properly.  You can suppress the highlighting  entirely  for  these
            terminals by setting this environment variable.

       NCURSES_NO_PADDING
            Most  of  the  terminal  descriptions in the terminfo database are
            written for real "hardware" terminals.  Many people  use  terminal
            emulators  which  run  in  a windowing environment and use curses-
            based applications.  Terminal emulators can duplicate all  of  the
            important aspects of a hardware terminal, but they do not have the
            same limitations.  The chief limitation  of  a  hardware  terminal
            from  the  standpoint  of  your  application  is the management of
            dataflow, i.e., timing.  Unless a hardware terminal is  interfaced
            into  a  terminal  concentrator  (which does flow control), it (or
            your application) must manage dataflow, preventing overruns.   The
            cheapest  solution  (no  hardware  cost) is for your program to do
            this by pausing after operations that the  terminal  does  slowly,
            such as clearing the display.

            As a result, many terminal descriptions (including the vt100) have
            delay times embedded.  You may wish to use these descriptions, but
            not want to pay the performance penalty.

            Set the NCURSES_NO_PADDING environment variable to disable all but
            mandatory padding.  Mandatory padding is used as a part of special
            control sequences such as flash.

       NCURSES_NO_SETBUF
            This setting is obsolete.  Before changes

            o   started with 5.9 patch 20120825 and

            o   continued though 5.9 patch 20130126

            ncurses  enabled  buffered  output during terminal initialization.
            This was done (as in SVr4 curses) for  performance  reasons.   For
            testing  purposes,  both of ncurses and certain applications, this
            feature was made optional.  Setting the NCURSES_NO_SETBUF variable
            disabled  output  buffering,  leaving  the  output in the original
            (usually line buffered) mode.

            In the current implementation, ncurses performs its own  buffering
            and  does  not  require  this  workaround.  It does not modify the
            buffering of the standard output.

            The reason for the change was to make the behavior for  interrupts
            and  other signals more robust.  One drawback is that certain non-
            conventional programs would mix ordinary stdio calls with  ncurses
            calls  and  (usually)  work.   This  is  no  longer possible since
            ncurses is not using the buffered standard output but its own out-
            put  (to  the  same file descriptor).  As a special case, the low-
            level calls such as putp still use the standard output.  But high-
            level curses calls do not.

       NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS
            During  initialization,  the  ncurses  library  checks for special
            cases where VT100 line-drawing (and  the  corresponding  alternate
            character set capabilities) described in the terminfo are known to
            be missing.  Specifically, when running in  a  UTF-8  locale,  the
            Linux  console  emulator  and the GNU screen program ignore these.
            Ncurses checks the TERM environment variable for these.  For other
            special  cases,  you  should set this environment variable.  Doing
            this tells ncurses to use Unicode values which correspond  to  the
            VT100  line-drawing  glyphs.   That  works  for  the special cases
            cited, and is likely to work for terminal emulators.

            When setting this variable, you should set it to a nonzero  value.
            Setting  it to zero (or to a nonnumber) disables the special check
            for "linux" and "screen".

            As an alternative to the environment variable, ncurses checks  for
            an  extended terminfo capability U8.  This is a numeric capability
            which can be compiled using tic -x.  For example

            # linux console, if patched to provide working
            # VT100 shift-in/shift-out, with corresponding font.
            linux-vt100|linux console with VT100 line-graphics,
                    U8#0, use=linux,

            # uxterm with vt100Graphics resource set to false
            xterm-utf8|xterm relying on UTF-8 line-graphics,
                    U8#1, use=xterm,

            The name "U8" is chosen to be two characters, to permit it  to  be
            used by applications that use ncurses' termcap interface.

       NCURSES_TRACE
            During  initialization,  the  ncurses debugging library checks the
            NCURSES_TRACE environment  variable.   If  it  is  defined,  to  a
            numeric  value, ncurses calls the trace function, using that value
            as the argument.

            The argument values, which are defined in curses.h,  provide  sev-
            eral types of information.  When running with traces enabled, your
            application will write the file trace to the current directory.

       TERM Denotes your terminal  type.   Each  terminal  type  is  distinct,
            though many are similar.

            TERM  is  commonly  set by terminal emulators to help applications
            find a workable terminal description.  Some of those choose a pop-
            ular  approximation, e.g., "ansi", "vt100", "xterm" rather than an
            exact fit.  Not infrequently, your application will have  problems
            with that approach, e.g., incorrect function-key definitions.

            If you set TERM in your environment, it has no effect on the oper-
            ation of the terminal emulator.  It only affects the way  applica-
            tions  work  within  the  terminal.   Likewise,  as a general rule
            (xterm being a rare exception), terminal emulators which allow you
            to  specify  TERM  as  a  parameter  or configuration value do not
            change their behavior to match that setting.

       TERMCAP
            If the ncurses library has been configured with  termcap  support,
            ncurses will check for a terminal's description in termcap form if
            it is not available in the terminfo database.

            The  TERMCAP  environment  variable  contains  either  a  terminal
            description  (with  newlines stripped out), or a file name telling
            where the information denoted by  the  TERM  environment  variable
            exists.   In either case, setting it directs ncurses to ignore the
            usual place for this information, e.g., /etc/termcap.

       TERMINFO
            Overrides the directory in which ncurses searches for your  termi-
            nal  description.   This  is the simplest, but not the only way to
            change the list of directories.  The complete list of  directories
            in order follows:

            o   the last directory to which ncurses wrote, if any, is searched
                first

            o   the directory specified by the TERMINFO environment variable

            o   $HOME/.terminfo

            o   directories listed in the TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable

            o   one or more directories whose names are  configured  and  com-
                piled into the ncurses library, i.e.,

                o   no default value (corresponding to the TERMINFO_DIRS vari-
                    able)

                o   /usr/share/terminfo (corresponding to the  TERMINFO  vari-
                    able)

       TERMINFO_DIRS
            Specifies  a  list  of directories to search for terminal descrip-
            tions.  The list is separated by colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semi-
            colons on OS/2 EMX.

            All  of  the terminal descriptions are in terminfo form.  Normally
            these are stored in a directory tree, using  subdirectories  named
            by the first letter of the terminal names therein.

            If  ncurses  is  built  with a hashed database, then each entry in
            this list can also be the path of the corresponding database file.

            If ncurses is built with  a  support  for  reading  termcap  files
            directly,  then an entry in this list may be the path of a termcap
            file.

       TERMPATH
            If TERMCAP does not hold a  file  name  then  ncurses  checks  the
            TERMPATH  environment variable.  This is a list of filenames sepa-
            rated by spaces or colons (i.e., ":") on Unix, semicolons on  OS/2
            EMX.

            If  the TERMPATH environment variable is not set, ncurses looks in
            the files /etc/termcap, /usr/share/misc/termcap  and  $HOME/.term-
            cap, in that order.

       The library may be configured to disregard the following variables when
       the current user is the superuser (root), or if  the  application  uses
       setuid or setgid permissions:

              $TERMINFO, $TERMINFO_DIRS, $TERMPATH, as well as $HOME.

ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS
       Several different configurations are possible, depending on the config-
       ure script options used when building ncurses.  There are  a  few  main
       options  whose  effects are visible to the applications developer using
       ncurses:

       --disable-overwrite
            The standard include for ncurses is as noted in SYNOPSIS:

            #include <ncurses/curses.h>

            This option is used to avoid filename conflicts  when  ncurses  is
            not the main implementation of curses of the computer.  If ncurses
            is installed disabling overwrite, it puts its headers in a  subdi-
            rectory, e.g.,

            #include <ncurses/curses.h>

            It  also  omits  a  symbolic  link  which  would  allow you to use
            -lcurses to build executables.

       --enable-widec
            The configure script  renames  the  library  and  (if  the  --dis-
            able-overwrite  option is used) puts the header files in a differ-
            ent subdirectory.  All of the library names have a "w" appended to
            them, i.e., instead of

            -lncurses

            you link with

            -lncursesw

            You must also define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED when compiling for the
            wide-character library to use the extended (wide-character)  func-
            tions.   The curses.h file which is installed for the wide-charac-
            ter library is designed to be compatible with the normal library's
            header.   Only  the size of the WINDOW structure differs, and very
            few applications require more than a pointer to WINDOWs.   If  the
            headers  are  installed  allowing  overwrite,  the  wide-character
            library's headers should be installed last, to allow  applications
            to be built using either library from the same set of headers.

       --with-pthread
            The  configure  script  renames  the  library.  All of the library
            names have a "t"  appended  to  them  (before  any  "w"  added  by
            --enable-widec).

            The global variables such as LINES are replaced by macros to allow
            read-only access.  At the same time, setter-functions are provided
            to  set  these  values.   Some applications (very few) may require
            changes to work with this convention.

       --with-shared

       --with-normal

       --with-debug

       --with-profile
            The shared and normal (static) library names differ by their  suf-
            fixes,  e.g.,  libncurses.so and libncurses.a.  The debug and pro-
            filing libraries add a "_g" and a "_p" to the root  names  respec-
            tively, e.g., libncurses_g.a and libncurses_p.a.

       --with-trace
            The  trace  function normally resides in the debug library, but it
            is sometimes useful to configure this in the shared library.  Con-
            figure  scripts  should  check for the function's existence rather
            than assuming it is always in the debug library.

FILES
       /usr/share/tabset
            directory containing initialization files for the  terminal  capa-
            bility database /usr/share/terminfo terminal capability database

SEE ALSO
       terminfo(5)  and  related  pages whose names begin "curs_" for detailed
       routine descriptions.
       curses_variables(3NCURSES)

EXTENSIONS
       The ncurses library can be compiled with an option (-DUSE_GETCAP)  that
       falls  back  to  the  old-style /etc/termcap file if the terminal setup
       code cannot find a terminfo entry corresponding to TERM.  Use  of  this
       feature  is not recommended, as it essentially includes an entire term-
       cap compiler in the ncurses startup code, at significant cost  in  core
       and startup cycles.

       The  ncurses  library includes facilities for capturing mouse events on
       certain terminals (including xterm).  See  the  mouse(3NCURSES)  manual
       page for details.

       The ncurses library includes facilities for responding to window resiz-
       ing   events,   e.g.,   when   running   in   an   xterm.    See    the
       resizeterm(3NCURSES)  and  wresize(3NCURSES)  manual pages for details.
       In addition, the library may be configured with a SIGWINCH handler.

       The ncurses library extends the fixed set of function key  capabilities
       of  terminals by allowing the application designer to define additional
       key   sequences   at    runtime.     See    the    define_key(3NCURSES)
       key_defined(3NCURSES), and keyok(3NCURSES) manual pages for details.

       The  ncurses  library  can  exploit the capabilities of terminals which
       implement the ISO-6429 SGR 39 and  SGR  49  controls,  which  allow  an
       application  to reset the terminal to its original foreground and back-
       ground colors.  From the users' perspective, the application is able to
       draw  colored  text  on  a background whose color is set independently,
       providing better control over color contrasts.   See  the  default_col-
       ors(3NCURSES) manual page for details.

       The  ncurses library includes a function for directing application out-
       put  to  a  printer  attached  to  the  terminal   device.    See   the
       print(3NCURSES) manual page for details.

PORTABILITY
       The  ncurses  library  is intended to be BASE-level conformant with XSI
       Curses.  The EXTENDED XSI Curses functionality  (including  color  sup-
       port) is supported.

       A  small  number  of local differences (that is, individual differences
       between the XSI Curses and ncurses calls) are described in  PORTABILITY
       sections of the library man pages.

       Unlike other implementations, this one checks parameters such as point-
       ers to WINDOW structures to ensure they are not null.  The main  reason
       for  providing this behavior is to guard against programmer error.  The
       standard interface does not provide a way for the library  to  tell  an
       application which of several possible errors were detected.  Relying on
       this (or some other) extension will adversely affect the portability of
       curses applications.

       This implementation also contains several extensions:

       o   The routine has_key is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
           See the getch(3NCURSES) manual page for details.

       o   The routine slk_attr is not part of XPG4,  nor  is  it  present  in
           SVr4.  See the slk(3NCURSES) manual page for details.

       o   The  routines  getmouse,  mousemask, ungetmouse, mouseinterval, and
           wenclose relating to mouse interfacing are not part  of  XPG4,  nor
           are  they present in SVr4.  See the mouse(3NCURSES) manual page for
           details.

       o   The routine mcprint was not present in any previous  curses  imple-
           mentation.  See the print(3NCURSES) manual page for details.

       o   The routine wresize is not part of XPG4, nor is it present in SVr4.
           See the wresize(3NCURSES) manual page for details.

       o   The WINDOW structure's internal details can be hidden from applica-
           tion   programs.    See  opaque(3NCURSES)  for  the  discussion  of
           is_scrollok, etc.

       o   This implementation can be configured to provide  rudimentary  sup-
           port  for  multi-threaded  applications.  See threads(3NCURSES) for
           details.

       o   This implementation can also be configured  to  provide  a  set  of
           functions  which  improve  the  ability to manage multiple screens.
           See sp_funcs(3NCURSES) for details.

       In historic curses versions, delays embedded in  the  capabilities  cr,
       ind,  cub1,  ff  and tab activated corresponding delay bits in the UNIX
       tty driver.  In this implementation, all padding is done by sending NUL
       bytes.   This method is slightly more expensive, but narrows the inter-
       face to the UNIX  kernel  significantly  and  increases  the  package's
       portability correspondingly.

NOTES
       The  header  file  <curses.h>  automatically  includes the header files
       <stdio.h> and <unctrl.h>.

       If standard output from a ncurses program is re-directed  to  something
       which  is not a tty, screen updates will be directed to standard error.
       This was an undocumented feature of AT&T System V Release 3 curses.

AUTHORS
       Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.  Based on pcurses
       by Pavel Curtis.

                                                             ncurses(3NCURSES)

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